Chasing memory breakthroughs at IBM Almaden

Scientists at IBM's Almaden Research Center aim to leap years ahead with new types of hardware for storing data. The centre has been at the forefront of data storage and other breakthroughs for decades.

This photo shows a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) that also functions as an atomic force microscope, which essentially is a higher-resolution STM. Andreas Heinrich, research staff member at IBM Almaden, is using it to study the magnetic fields of individual atoms.

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich invented the STM in 1981 and received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention in 1986 — fairly rapid recognition for the Nobel committee. STMs exploit changes in the current passing between closely situated molecules. In an STM, tunnelling currents are created between the microscope's probe and the atoms or materials being observed. The changes in the current then allow a computer to paint a model of the molecule. Changing the current emanating from the probe further allows someone to move atoms.

Leo Esaki won a Nobel Prize for his work on quantum tunnelling. He also worked at IBM.